civil techniques

Concrete Hacking Procedure

abbu riyaz 7 Aug, 2023

The Concrete Hacking Procedure discuss in this post. The Concrete hacking performs in a specific way in a proper procedure. Hacking executes manually with the help of hacking chisel and hammer. It executes mechanically using grinding machines with the concrete cutting blades. This performs by making a very small groves on the RCC Structures.

Concrete Hacking is a process of making smooth surface rough. It makes on the surface of concrete to provide a strong bond for the plastering. As the finishing surface of concrete is smooth, the plaster wont sticks to it. To create a strong mechanical bonding between them, this process of hacking in concrete performs.

Hacking performs mostly in Reinforced Cement Concrete structures like, the Roof Slab at the bottom of slab. This creates a strong mechanical bonding between the chemicals and the mortar in RCC members on plastering. It sticks strongly and gives a long and durable life to the concrete structures and protects them.

Concrete Hacking Procedure

Concrete hacking performs in a specific way in a proper procedure. Concrete Hacking carries out after removing the shuttering of Reinforced Cement Concrete structures. After De-shuttering the RCC members cures properly to attain its strength. And hacking executes after two to three days from the date of casting, before it attains its harder state.

The surface of concrete surface cleans for shuttering oil, excess slurry, dust, supporting wood materials and other loose particles. Hacking performs on the surface of concrete structures manually with hacking chisel and hammers only on its faces. This should not carries out on the corners as it affects the strength of the concrete structure.

This performs at a depth of two to five millimeter groves in the concrete surface. The length of hacking groves in concrete surface is twenty five millimeters. And hacking performs in a same consecutive lines in a pattern.

This pattern performs in a zigzag series opposite ways. This zigzag series of hacking is known as cross stitching method way of hacking in the concrete surfaces. After this the concrete structure cleans thoroughly and left for curing to attain its design strength. And then plastering performs above the concrete structure.

civil techniques

Concrete Hacking Properties

abbu riyaz 3 Aug, 2023

Concrete Hacking Properties discuss in this post. Concrete Hacking is a process of making smooth surface rough. It makes on surface of concrete to provide a strong bond for plastering. As the finishing surface of concrete is smooth, plaster wont sticks to it. To create a strong mechanical bonding between them, this process of hacking in concrete performs.

Concrete Hacking carries out after removing the shuttering of Reinforced Cement Concrete structures. After De-shuttering the RCC members cures properly to attain its strength. And hacking executes after two to three days from the date of casting, before it attains its harder state. This helps to hold mortar with plastering in walls, tile works.

Concrete Hacking Properties

Hacking executes manually with the help of hacking chisel and hacking hammer. It executes mechanically using grinding machines with concrete cutting blades.This performs by making a very small groves on RCC Structures.

The depth of the groves in concrete surface is two to five millimeters. The length of hacking groves in concrete surface is twenty five millimeters. And hacking performs in a same consecutive lines in a pattern. This pattern performs in a zigzag series opposite ways. This zigzag series of hacking is known as cross stitching method way of hacking in the concrete surfaces.

Hacking performs mostly in Reinforced Cement Concrete structures like, Roof Slab at the bottom of slab. And specially in the Walls and roof slabs of underground tanks, sumps for the purpose of water proofing and plastering. This creates a strong mechanical bonding between chemicals, mortar in RCC members on plastering. It sticks strongly and gives a long and durable life to concrete structures and protects them.

civil techniques

QUALITY ENGINEER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The duties of QUALITY ENGINEER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS discuss in this post. A team of Truss Buildings builds a good quality Structure. And forms a strong buildings. A Team works together to construct and finish the structure. He takes care of the Quality Assurance, control. And ensures that the structure constructs as per the standards. He conducts inspections, detect flaws and rectify it. And makes all the testing on all the members. The testing makes to check all the materials.

TRUSS is a straight connection member of structural element triangular in shape. It makes by welding multiple structural elements together to form a single component or single Structure known as Truss. It uses to carry heavy loads and acts like load transfer Structure. For these reasons it is important to make sure all the welding at joints and the connections makes properly.

There are certain procedures and steps to identify the defects. This test carries to detect the cracks, fractures, pinholes, porosity, and the potholes in the Truss. The Welding is the major connection of the members. This connects the member strongly. It should be free from all the Defects. It is important to make sure that, all the welding makes properly without any defects.

At execution, many process carries out for building the structures. And all safety procurers follows to make a safe and fast erection. The assembly of main members and erection process carries by a team. This makes to reduce the construction time and the cost of the project. They are responsible for all the construction activities.

QUALITY ENGINEER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS

The duties of Quality Engineer in truss buildings are as follows,

He is the in-charge of the total quality assurance and quality control of the entire site.
It is his responsibility to check all the incoming materials.
Conducts the DPT tests on the Truss members.

Identifies all the defects and the damages in the structural members.

Rectifying all the defects with proper methods with the correct equipment and materials.

To serve the client with all the necessary information of the test reports and the results.
Collects and maintain the records of Material Testing Reports
Checking and maintaining Material test certificates (MTC) from the suppliers and the vendors.
Checks all the reports and the documents submits by the Site Engineers.
Checks all the welding in connections of members and joints.
Giving clearance to proceed the erection.
Makes the technical inspections on all the materials.
Maintaining of the proper usage and the consumption of all materials.
Prepares the checklists for each and every activity on the site.
Giving training for the Engineers and to train the labours.

civil techniques

PROJECT ENGINEER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The duties of PROJECT ENGINEER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS discuss in this post. A team of Truss Buildings builds a good quality Structure. And forms a strong buildings. At execution, many process carries out for building the structures. And all safety procurers follows to make a safe and fast erection. This makes to reduce the construction time and the cost of the project.

The assembly of main members and erection process carries by a team. It consists of a good quality and highly experienced engineers. These engineers are responsible for all the construction activities. And the Project manager is the total in charge of construction site. He takes the responsibility to control of all over the site. And guide the team working under him. The Project Engineer in truss buildings works on behalf of the Project Manager.

PROJECT ENGINEER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS

The Duties of PROJECT ENGINEER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS are as follows,

He is on behalf of the Project Manager.
It is his responsibility to take control of the site engineer and the workers at site.
He guide the team working under him.
Makes the schedules as per the Project managers plan.
Maintains all the technical documents and the records.
Maintains all the technical drawings.
Executes the erection referring the erection drawings.
Sought out the technical errors in drawings.
Sought out errors and mistakes in the works.
Rectifying all the major and the minor mistakes technically.
Engage required labour at the site.
To attend the site meetings with the designers, the architectures, vendors, sub-contractors and the clients.
Checks all the reports and documents submits by the Quality, Safety and the Site Engineers.
And making the inspections and checking.
Plans and executes all the work activities with quality and safety.

These are some of the main roles and responsibility of a PROJECT ENGINEER.

civil techniques

PROJECT MANAGER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The duties of PROJECT MANAGER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS discuss in this post. A team of Truss Buildings builds a good quality Structure. And forms a strong buildings. At execution, many process carries out for building the structures. And all safety procurers follows to make a safe and fast erection. This makes to reduce the construction time and the cost of the project.

The assembly of main members and erection process carries by a team. It consists of a good quality and highly experienced engineers. These engineers are responsible for all the construction activities. And the Project manager is the total in charge of construction site. He takes the responsibility to control of all over the site. He trains and support site and Project Engineers, etc,. And guide the team working under him.

PROJECT MANAGER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS

The Duties of PROJECT MANAGER IN TRUSS BUILDINGS are as follows,

He is in-charge of the construction site.
It is his responsibility to take control of all over the site.
To guide the team working under him.
To serve the client with all necessary information of the work and reports.
Making planning for budget and time managements
Makes schedule to finish the works.
Getting approval from the clients for the official documents.
Plans and executes all the work with good quality and safety.
Allots the material and the man power to work.
Resolves all the technical complaints from the clients and rectify to them.
Responsible for all the payments after completion of the work from the client.
To attend the meetings with, the designers, architectures, vendors, sub-contractors and the clients.
Inviting quotes for special works from different vendors and to finalize them.
Checks all the reports and the documents submits by the, Project, Quality and Site Engineers.
Leading weekly / monthly meetings to complete the target within the time.
Analyse and monitor the entire site that, the work is in line with schedule and as per the plan.
Taking necessary actions on engineers and team, if they are not performing good at works.

These are some of the main roles and responsibility of a PROJECT MANAGER.

civil techniques

EXECUTION TEAM OF TRUSS BUILDINGS

abbu riyaz 15 Jun, 2022

EXECUTION TEAM OF TRUSS BUILDINGS

The Execution Team of Truss Buildings builds a good quality Structure. And forms a strong buildings. At execution, many process carries out for building the structures. And all safety procurers follows to make a safe and fast erection. This makes to reduce the construction time and the cost of the project. The assembly of main members and erection process carries by a team. It consists of a good quality and highly experienced engineers. These engineers are responsible for all the construction activities.

The Execution Team of Truss Buildings Consists of the executives like,

Project Manager
Project Engineer
Quality Engineer
Site Engineer
Safety Officer
Erection In-charge
Erection Team
Team Leader.

1. The Project Manager

He is in-charge of total area of the construction site. It is his responsibility to take control of all over the site. And to guide the team working under him.

2.The Project Engineer

He is a support and behalf of the Project Manager. He makes schedule of works as per the project managers plan. And to maintain all the technical documentations like the Erection Drawings, Letters, data sheets, etc. And to clear technical mistakes.

3. The Quality Engineer

He is the responsible for the quality. The main work is to make the Quality assurance and control. And to check the incoming materials, conducting the tests.

He Conducts inspections and giving clearance for the site engineers to work. And to identify the defects like pinholes, potholes, cracks, damages in the truss and to rectify it.

4. The Site Engineer

He is responsible for the work process. The site Engineer have to make the method statements, Checklists, Daily progress reports. And to get the quality control checklists, documents signed from the Quality Engineer.

5. The Safety Officers

He conduct safety training, makes the checklists. He takes care of the entire team to work in a safe way.

6. The Erection In-charge

He has to to make sure that the work process is in line with the plan & the schedule. And work with safety.

7. The Erection Team

They have to follow strict instructions of all the higher officers. And work properly using all Personal Protecting Equipment.

8. The Team Leader

The Team Leader leads the team. And they supervise all the labors and works.

civil techniques

CONSTRUCTION TEAM OF TRUSS BUILDINGS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The Construction Team of Truss Buildings builds a good quality Structure. And forms a strong buildings. They create the strong structures with the capabilities to withstanding all the kinds of safe loads. And all the forces and pressures acting on it. For this, a proper planning requires with a good ideas. These ideas proceeds by a group of engineers.

The Design Team of Truss Buildings designs a building as per all the necessary standards. And satisfying all requirements. They design as per the wish of the agency and client which likes to construct the Structure for their uses. They are of large spans buildings like, Ware houses, hangers, Factories, Workshop, Show rooms, etc.

This usage of the Truss System uses widely in the industrial sector. This usage of the Truss System uses widely in the industrial sector. It reduces the Construction cost and time of the Mass buildings. And Heavy RCC structures. By application of this we can reduce the mass pollution and prevent the nature.

This Systems Makes a Revolution in the Steel Industry. For these reasons, MS ROOF TRUSS uses in a wide range of buildings in the Recent times. This System is growing rapidly in almost all parts of the world. This complete building system in Truss Pre-fabricates in advance construction software to make a easy production. And easy assembly on the site.

They designs all the structural members. And computes all the load calculation processes. And prepare the drawings. These drawings submits for all the safety and the quality checks. And to get the approvals from the authorized Approvers. They are the construction related organisations. These are of the private and the government organisations for giving the approvals.

After these approvals, the drawings handovers to the agency which wishes to construct the structures. They prepares all the necessary documents for the construction. It invites tenders from the contractors. And finalize them to build the structure and complete it in a safe manner. And to handover with good quality in a short period of time. The major commitment is to save the construction cost and the time of the structure.

CONSTRUCTION TEAM OF TRUSS BUILDINGS

A construction company engages to build the whole structures. All the drawings handovers to them for starting all construction works. They are the contractors. They prepares initial drawings known as the General Arrangement Drawings (GA Drawings).

These drawings inspects, studies properly with the clients. And explains clearly, how to start and finish the project within time to the clients. A Good For construction drawings (GFC Drawings) produces and issues officially to the contractor. This issues to start-up and carry on all the construction works.

These contractors arranges all kinds of machinery like cranes, excavators, etc,. This arranges to shift and lift the members safely and quickly. And arranges all the tools and the construction equipment for the erection processes. And appoints a construction team for safe, proper and quick erection of the structures.

At erection, many process carries out for building the structures. And all safety procurers follows to make a safe and fast erection. This makes to reduce the construction time and the cost of the project. The assembly of main elements and erection process carries by a group. They consists of a good quality and highly experienced engineers. They posses various post and designations like, Project Manager & Engineer, Quality & Site Engineer, Safety Officers & erection in-charge, etc,. These engineers are responsible for all construction activities.

civil techniques

DESIGN TEAM OF TRUSS BUILDINGS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

A Design Team of Truss Buildings designs a structural building as per all necessary standards. They design as per the requirements of agency or the client which likes to construct the Structure for their uses. These structures are of large spans like, Ware houses, hangers, Factories, Workshop, Show rooms, etc.

This usage of the Truss System uses widely in the industrial sector. It reduces the Construction cost and time of the Mass buildings. And Heavy RCC structures. By application of this we can reduce the mass pollution and prevent the nature.

This complete building system in Truss Pre-fabricates in advance construction software to make a easy production. And easy assembly on the site. The assembly of main elements and erection process executes by a Construction Team for Truss Buildings.

DESIGN TEAM OF TRUSS BUILDINGS

This team engages and works together to build a good quality Structure. And to form a durable buildings. And creates everlasting structures with capabilities to withstanding all the kinds of safe loads and the forces acting on it.

For this, proper planning requires with good quality ideas. These ideas proceeds by a team of engineers. They computes all the load calculation processes. And prepare the structural drawings.

In structural engineering, the designs made by structural engineers and the fabricators. They use the good quality and best raw materials available from all the sources. And makes a wide range of structural design which satisfy all the requirements. These calculations performs by Engineers with the help of advance computer systems.

This includes the latest computer aided system using software like STADD.PRO, Rivet, Auto-cad, etc,. By using these software’s the accurate load calculation, computes and designs Properly.

DESIGN CRITERIA

For design a Truss, the engineers consider many important and basic things. Some of the important and main basic things are as follows,

Length and Width of the Structure
Slopes of the Roof
Ventilation
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Spacing of the bays
E.O.T Crane Systems and the equipment uses
Weight of the Truss members, etc,.

After these, the drawings prepares and presents for all the safety, quality check. And to get approvals from the authorized authorizations. These authorizations are the construction related organizations. This are of the private and the government organizations.

After these approvals, the drawings handovers to the agency which desires to construct the structures. They prepares all the necessary documents for the construction of the structures. It invites tenders from the contractors to build the structures. And finalize the construction company to build the structure and complete it in a safe manner. And deliver with good quality in a short period of time. The major commitment is to save the construction cost and the time of the structure.

civil techniques

TEAM OF TRUSS BUILDINGS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

TEAM OF TRUSS BUILDINGS

A Team of Truss Buildings works together to design and makes the structures. It consists of two teams, the design and the construction team. The design team designs the truss structures according to all the standards. The construction team completes them.

The Design Team

It designs the buildings as per all the necessary standards. And creates as per the needs of agency or the client which likes to construct the Structure for their uses. They are of large spans like, Ware houses, hangers, Factories, Workshop, Show rooms, etc.

They work together to build a good quality Structure. And to form strong buildings. And creates structures with capacity to hold all kinds of safe loads and the forces acting on it. For this, proper planning needs with good ideas. The Engineers plans these ideas. They computes all the load calculations. And prepare the drawings.

In structural engineering, the designs made by the engineers. They use the good quality and the best materials from all the sources. And makes a wide range of designs which satisfy all the needs. These calculations makes by the Engineers with the help of modern computer systems.

The Construction Team

A construction company builds the complete structure. They prepares initial drawings known as the General Arrangement Drawings (GA Drawings).

The Execution Team of Truss Buildings Consists of the executives like,

Project Manager
Project Engineer
Quality Engineer
Site Engineer
Safety Officer
Erection In-charge
Erection Team
Team Leader.

These engineers are responsible for all construction activities. This construction team executes and finishes the entire structures.

civil techniques

RECTIFICATION OF FLAWS IN TRUSS USING DPT TEST

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The RECTIFICATION OF FLAWS IN TRUSS USING DPT TEST discuss in this post. There are certain procedures and steps to identify the defects. This test carries to detect the cracks, fractures, pinholes, porosity, potholes, in the Truss. The Welding is the major connection of members. This connects the member strongly. It should be free from all the Defects. It is important to make sure that, all the welding makes properly without any defects.

The Cleaner, Penetrant and Developer are the three main materials for this DPT testing. These are all Non toxic chemicals. And Eco friendly materials. Using these Cleaner, Penetrant and the Developer DPT testing carries. This test performs to make sure that, all the welding makes properly without any defects. It is a simple test. And the easy test to identify the discontinuities in the welding joints.

Using this test all the surface defects are easily identify and rectify. This test carries out without difficulties. This is one of the oldest test for identification of the defects in welding in the truss. The identified defects rectifies for long life and durability of the truss. And to make sure that, the entire structure is safe for the services and the purpose for which it constructs.

RECTIFICATION OF FLAWS IN TRUSS USING DPT TEST

After carrying out all the testing procedures for identification of defects, the rectification process starts. There are certain repair methods for the improper welding.

The repairing methods for the defects and flaws in welding are as follows,

The defects fix by chipping welding, and grinding.

2. The minor defects on the welding surface grinds and finishes.

3. The major imperfections welds and repairs.

4. The affected areas chips (Excavates) up to a minimum depth and welds again.

5. All the sharp notches, hollow gaps, holes, etc, grinds, welds and rectifies.

6. The affected and repaired areas welds again properly through the joints.

7. The undercut defects, welds again and finishes properly.

8. And after welding it grinds to obtain a complete and proper connections, without sharp notches, holes etc,.

9. The grinded areas paints properly for preventing rusting, etc.

These are some of the rectification methods and process for fixing of defects in the welding joints of truss.

civil techniques

STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN TRUSS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN TRUSS discuss in this post. The Dye Penetration Testing (DPT) is a test uses to identify, the discontinuities in welding joints and connections. And uses to detect the cracks, fractures, etc. It is a low cost inspection method known as the Liquid Penetrate Inspection ( LPI ), Dye Penetrant Inspection ( DPI ).

The Cleaner, the Penetrant and the Developer are the three main materials for this DPT testing. These are all the Non toxic chemicals. And Eco friendly materials. Using these Cleaner, the Penetrant and the Developer, the DPT testing carries out.

This Dye Penetration Testing has different names,

Liquid Penetrate Inspection ( LPI )
Dye Penetrant Inspection ( DPI )
Penetration Testing ( PT )

It is a simple test. And easy test to identify the discontinuities in welding joints. Using this DPT TEST ON TRUSS MEMBERS all the surface defects and the flaws are easily identify and rectify. This test carries out without difficulties. This is one of the oldest test for identification of the defects in welding in truss joints and the connections.

STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN TRUSS

There are some important steps for DPT test in truss. This vary by the factors like, the applying system, the size and the components of materials. And the type of discontinuities, environment and the climatic conditions, etc,. The major steps of testing are,

Surface Preparation
Drying After cleaning
Penetrant Application
Penetrant Dwell
Excess Penetrant Removal
Drying
Developer Application
Indication Development
Inspection
Evaluation

The STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN TRUSS are as follows,

1. Surface Preparation

After completions of all the welding for joints and the connections of truss components, the welding slug removes. This performs using mechanical means or by chipping hammers. And cleans with a steel wire brush.

The Surface to examine cleans fully. All the adjacent sides of the welding joints cleans properly up to minimum of twenty centimetre. The joint coated with the primer and the paint removes with the paint remover, wire brush or by mechanical means for testing.

This performs to obtain the accurate results. It must be free from dirt, dust, paint, oil, grease, rust, and the other foreign materials. And cleans with the cleaner. The Cleaner is uses to clean the surface of welding joints and the connections of member. The specimen to test cleans for applying of the Penetrant in the welding joints.

2. Drying After Cleaning

After cleaning, the member allows to dry. This makes to form a dry and a clean surface for the testing. This takes three to five minutes depending on the condition of the site. And size of the material to test. This cleaning makes, if any residue of liquid presents on the member, it blocks the passing of the penetrant. This drying process carries with the help of hot air driers, air blowers, etc.

3. Penetrant Application

The Penetrant applies to the dry surface. This carries with brushing or spraying. For better, accurate and quick results, the spraying operations carries out.

It sprays exactly on the surface of members. And sprays exactly on the welding connections for examining of the flaws.

4. Penetrant Dwell

The penetrant remains on the surface for a sufficient time to passes into the defects. This dwell time is the total time that the penetrant is in contact with the surface. This varies depends upon the application method, the type of materials, etc,. The normal dwell time is three to five minutes. This depends on the size of materials, the length of welding joints.

5. Excess Penetrant Removal

After sufficient penetration, the excess penetrant all around the surface of material wipes off. And cleans in all the welding joints. This cleaning carries out with a dry clothes and clean wipers.

6. Drying

After removal of the excess penetrant, it allows to dry in normal temperature. No other drying methods like, drying with hot air driers, air blowers, etc requires. This penetrant allows to remain on the member for five to ten minutes. It depending on the size of materials and the length of welding joints. This makes the penetrant sink into the cracks, pores, holes, etc. This depends on the size of the welding joints and connections.

7. Developer Application

The Developer is a thin layer white in colour. It applies quickly on to the surface. And the welding joints, to examine on the truss members. This carries out with the spraying. The complete area of penetrant covers with spraying the Developer.

This application of developer carries out within one to two minutes after drying of the penetrant. This developer available in various forms like, dusting, dipping, spraying.

8. Indication Development

The developer allows to remain on the surface for a sufficient time period. This development time is a minimum of ten minutes. And the maximum time periods take place depending on tight cracks.

9. Inspection

The Inspections performs after a minimum time period of ten minutes. And under necessary lighting to detect the indications from the defects, flaws.

10. Evaluation

The discontinuities in welding joints identifies. It is clearly visible on to the surface welding joints. And the cracks, fractures, pinholes, porosity, potholes, evaluates.

civil techniques

PROCEDURE FOR DPT TEST ON TRUSS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The PROCEDURE FOR DPT TEST ON TRUSS discuss in this post. It is a low cost inspection method known as the Penetration Testing ( PT ). The Cleaner, the Penetrant and the Developer are the three main materials for this DPT testing. These are all the Non toxic chemicals. And Eco friendly materials. Using these Cleaner, the Penetrant and the Developer, the DPT testing carries out.

The TRUSS is a straight interconnected structural element, triangular in the shape. It makes by welding the multiple structural elements together to form a single component or a single Structure known as the Truss. It uses to carry the heavy loads and acts like a load transfer Structure.

For these reasons It is important to make sure all the welding at joints and the connections makes properly without any flaws. There are certain PROCEDURE FOR DPT TEST ON TRUSS. The Welding is the major connection of the members. This welding makes to connect the member strongly. It should be free from all the Defects.

This Dye Penetration Testing has different names,

Liquid Penetrate Inspection ( LPI )
Dye Penetrant Inspection ( DPI )
Penetration Testing ( PT )

It is a simple test. And easy test to identify the discontinuities in the welding joints. Using this DPT TEST ON TRUSS MEMBERS all the surface defects and the flaws are easily identify and rectify. This test carries out without difficulties. This is one of the oldest test for identification of the defects of welding in truss joints and the connections.

PROCEDURE FOR DPT TEST ON TRUSS

There are some important Procedures for DPT test in truss components. The PROCEDURE FOR DPT TEST ON TRUSS are as follows,

Pre Cleaning
Drying After Cleaning
Penetrant Application
Removal of Excess Penetrant
Drying
Developer Application
Evaluation

1. Pre Cleaning

The specimen to test (welding joints) cleans for applying of the Dye.

It must be free from dirt, dust, paint, oil, grease, rust, and the other foreign materials.

2. Drying After Cleaning

The cleaned surface allows to dry for two to three minutes.

3. Penetrant Application

The penetrant applies to the surface of the welding connections and the joints.

4. Penetrant Dwell

The penetrant dwells three to five minutes on the surface.

5. Removal of Excess Penetrant

Remove the excess penetrant from the surface.

6. Drying

Make the penetrant sink into the cracks, pores, fractures, pinholes, porosity, potholes.

7. Developer Application

Apply a thin layer of the white developer above the penetrant.

8. Indication Development

The Defects and the flaws develops and clearly visible on to the surface of welding.

9. Inspection

The Inspections performs after a minimum time period of ten minutes under the necessary lighting conditions.

10. Evaluation

The discontinuities in welding joints evaluates and marks for the rectification works.