civil techniques

Chicken Mesh in Plastering

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Chicken Mesh in Plastering uses to prevent cracks. Concretes have a property of expansion and contraction. It expands in heat and contract on cooling. The gap between RCC Structures and walls joint fills with fixing Chicken Mesh before plastering. It fixes on the connection surface of columns, beams and walls.

In Construction of RCC structures, after casting of columns, beams and slab, the walls raises. Brickwork or Block work makes to fill space in-between columns, beams and slabs in outer sides. And to make all kinds of partition walls inside buildings. After brick or block work, plastering works performs. The column sides touching walls hacks properly. Hacking is a process of making smooth concrete surface rough. This provides a strong bonding between RCC surfaces, walls and Plastering.

Chicken Mesh in Plastering

This mesh is hexagonal in shape. And possess a structure of honeycomb. This property makes it strong. And it gives a long life. It is a made of galvanized iron. This manufactures in coils. It cuts in running maters as per length requires. And minimum 100 mm in width.

It prevents the development of cracks between wall, column, beam joints and junctions. This reduces the chances of cracks occurring in walls in future. And it acts like reinforcement use in concrete. It makes the plastering strong at joints and junctions.

Chicken mesh uses in interior plastering. This uses maximum in interiors because of pipelines for electrical conduits and water lines comes in interior walls. It Prevents the cracks occurring because of electrical conduits laying inside wall by grove cutting. The miss handling of switchboards cause electrical conduit damages resulting in formation of cracks on walls.

And all waterlines going inside these walls makes little vibrations because of water pressure. The miss handling of water taps and fittings causes water pipe lines damages resulting in formation of cracks on walls.

And it uses if the plastering thickness is more than 15 Cm. It is not uses in plastering lesser than 15 Cm. Because it causes hair cracks if the thickness of plastering is less.

In exterior plastering this chicken mesh is not used. It has a chance of creating rust in it. If any rust forms in it, then the plastering will fall. It is only supposed to fix the mesh only if the thickness of plastering more than 20 mm.

Airways

Components of Air Transport

abbu riyaz 14 Aug, 2023

The Components of Air Transport Discusses in this Post. It consists of major components like, the Runways, Apron, Hangars, Terminal buildings, taxiways and parking, etc,. The Airport is a place that serves the aircraft in all aspects. It provides the enough space and acts like shelters to the aircraft. This accommodates various components inside it.

These provides necessary accommodations for the aircraft’s and the passengers. And fulfills all their needs. It serves the teams working together as various departments inside the airports in all aspects. And satisfying all the airlines for their aircraft’s from its starting to the ending stages. And serves the passengers in travelling from their arrivals, departure to various destinations all around the globe.

Components of Air Transport

The major components are discuss as follows,

1. Apron

The Apron is the aircraft parking area. It’s a independent area operates for all slow moving operations like, transferring the passengers and the goods inside aircraft.

Apron acts like a platform for the passengers to board inside the aircraft from the terminal buildings. It acts as station for the loading and the unloading operations. The passengers luggage and the baggage lodes and unloads here. And all other materials, air mail and the cargoes ships here.

2. Runways

The Runways is an area access for safe landing and takeoff of the aircraft without any disturbance and traffics. This consists of flashing lights of different colors.

These helps to perform the landing and the takeoff operations at the night times. All ground movements of the aircraft carryout here. It is a secure area accessing only for the landing and the takeoff operations.

3.Hangers

The Hangers are huge sheds.It provides the shelters for the aircraft. It constructs with the MS ROOF TRUSS and the Pre Engineered Building (PEB). This builds with light weight steel structures. And its roofs covers with G.I sheets, Puff panels. It provides large spaces for accommodation of aircraft.

And it locates closer to terminal building and apron. All the maintenance, repairs, fueling of the aircraft carryout here. And provides various slots for the aircraft in same areas for, the assembling, equipping and the upgrade processing.

4. Terminal buildings

This facilitates necessary and the important functioning areas like, the Admin spaces of air transports to services their customers. And Office spaces of all the departments. This includes the passenger waiting halls, toilets, restaurants, enquiry counters, etc,.

5. Taxiway

The taxiway is the path that connects hangers, aprons, terminals to the runway. And it is of maximum straight line and short distance connecting runway.

This consists of lights of different colors. These helps to connect runway, hangers, etc at night times. And other ground moving vehicle teams at the dark and in the night times.

6. Parking Areas

This provides necessary parking spaces. And provides shelters to passengers vehicles. And to serve all types of transportation to transport passengers and to distribute traffic from airport to cities.

civil techniques

Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks is explains in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it possess uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There are two major types of bricks,

Modular Bricks and
Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks

Collect Twenty Bricks Randomly of same Consignment or same brand.
Make sure It is free from damages, cracks, etc,.
It must possess plain surface with proper size and sharp edges.
Cut all extrudes or projections on sides of bricks.
It must possess same colour throughout without any irregularity on each faces.
Keep Twenty bricks in flat level ground surface.
Arrange twenty bricks straight in height.
It must be in contact with face of bricks in Height.
Make sure there is no gap between bricks for measuring the length.
Measure bricks with a Measuring tape.

Tolerance for Height of bricks

A tolerance of 40 mm provides for height of Standard Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the height is 1.8 M +/- 40 MM. ( 1.760 to 1.840 MM )

A tolerance of 40 mm provides for height of Standard Non-Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the height is 1.4 M +/- 40 MM. ( 1.440 to 1.360 MM )

civil techniques

Procedures for Testing Width of Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Procedures for Testing Width of Bricks is explains in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it possess uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There are two major types of bricks,

Modular Bricks and
Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

Procedures for Testing Width of Bricks

Collect Twenty Bricks Randomly of same Consignment or same brand.
Make sure It is free from damages, cracks, etc,.
It must possess plain surface with proper size and sharp edges.
Cut all extrudes or projections on sides of bricks.
It must possess same colour throughout without any irregularity on each faces.
Keep Twenty bricks in flat level ground surface.
Arrange twenty bricks straight in width.
It must be in contact with face of bricks in width.
Make sure there is no gap between bricks for measuring the length.
Measure bricks with a Measuring tape.

Tolerance for Width of bricks

A tolerance of 40 mm provides for width of Standard Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the width is 1.8 M +/- 40 MM. ( 1.760 to 1.840 MM )

A tolerance of 40 mm provides for width of Standard Non – Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the width is 2.2 M +/- 40 MM. ( 2.240 to 2.160 MM )

civil techniques

Procedures for Testing Length of Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Procedures for Testing Length of Bricks is explains in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it possess uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There are two major types of bricks,

Modular Bricks and
Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

Procedures for Testing Length of Bricks

Collect Twenty Bricks Randomly of same Consignment or same brand.
Make sure It is free from damages, cracks, etc,.
It must possess plain surface with proper size and sharp edges.
Cut all extrudes or projections on sides of bricks.
It must possess same color throughout without any irregularity on each faces.
Keep Twenty bricks in flat level ground surface.
Arrange twenty bricks straight in length.
It must be in contact with face of bricks in length.
Make sure there is no gap between bricks for measuring the length.
Measure bricks with a Measuring tape.

Tolerance for length of bricks

A tolerance of 80 mm provides for length of Standard Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the length is 3.8 M +/- 80 MM. ( 3.720 to 3.880 MM )

A tolerance of 80 mm provides for length of Standard Non-Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the length is 4.6 M +/- 80 MM. ( 4.520 to 4.680 MM )

civil techniques

Procedures for Testing Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Procedures for Testing Bricks is explains in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it possess uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There are two major types of bricks,

Modular Bricks and
Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

Procedures for Testing Bricks

Preparation of bricks

Collect Twenty Bricks Randomly of same Consignment or same brand. Make sure It is free from damages, cracks, etc,. It must possess plain surface with proper size and sharp edges. Cut all extrudes or projections on sides of bricks. It must possess same color throughout without any irregularity on each faces.

Testing Procedure

Keep Twenty bricks in flat level ground surface.
Arrange twenty bricks it in a straight line for its various dimensions
It must be in contact with faces of bricks in length, width, height, respectively.
Make sure there is no gap between bricks for measuring the length.
Measure bricks with a Measuring tape.

civil techniques

Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks discus in this post. Brick has certain physical and chemical properties. Bricks use in latest constructions. It make renovations right across the world. Brick is a soundproof, fire resisting material. As it posses these characteristics it uses to construct partition walls in Industries. And use for home extensions, walls of different thickness. It is cheap, hard, durable and easy to handle and to work with. These properties make brick a leading building material.

Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks

There are some important Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks. The testing’s carryout in bricks are as follows,

Compressive Strength
Water Observation
Physical Dimension and
Efflorescence

1.Compressive Strength

The brick tests for checking its load bearing capacity. This test carries with Compression testing machine. The compressive strength determines by a formula,

compressive strength = Max load at failure / Area of brick at Rectangular face

2.Water Observation

This test conducts on bricks to find its water observing percentage. Bricks lays in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds. It constructs with various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together. And to make a durable structure. The bond in between the bricks gets week when brick consumes water from mortar. For these reason water observing percentage must be less for brick. These water observing must not be more than twenty percent of its weight. It calculates using the formula,

M = ( M2 – M1 ) / ( M1 ) X 100

Where,

M1 – Weight of dry brick

M2 – Weight of Soaked brick

3.Physical Dimension

Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it has uniform colour on all faces. There are two major types of bricks,

Modular Bricks and
Non-Modular Bricks

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it.

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

4. Efflorescence

It is test performs to find the presence of foreign Particles and other chemicals present in it. In this test, the brick soaks in water for one day and dry in shade. If the presence of grey or white deposits spots it indicates the presence of chemicals.

civil techniques

Requirement of Burnt Clay Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Requirement of Burnt Clay Bricks discuss in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it has uniform colour on all faces.

Brick has certain physical and chemical properties. Bricks use in latest constructions. It make renovations right across the world. Brick is a soundproof, fire resisting material. As it posses these characteristics it uses to construct partition walls in Industries. And use for home extensions, walls of different thickness. It is cheap, hard, durable and easy to handle and to work with. These properties make brick a leading building material.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There are two major types of bricks,

Modular Bricks and
Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

Requirement of Burnt Clay Bricks

Bricks Tests for its physical dimension. It is consider as major aspect in testing of bricks. Twenty bricks arranges in a flat level ground surface in a straight line in contact with face of bricks.

These arranged bricks measures with measuring instruments. Length, width and height of bricks measures for its physical dimension requirements. It differs for standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks.

The length of twenty bricks is 3.8 m and 1.8 m width, 1.8 m height For standard Modular Bricks

The length of twenty bricks is 4.6 m ,2.1 m width and 1.4 m height for standard Non-Modular Bricks

civil techniques

Procedure of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Procedure of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter is discussed in this post. Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method is use in construction field to determine the Field dry Density, Bulk Density and compaction of soil. It is use to identify the dry density of the compacted or dry fine grain soil which is free from the aggregates.

Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

Core Cutter Method is use to find some important properties of soil. Some of the main properties of soil which are necessary to examine the compaction factors are as follows,

Bulk density
Dry density
Moisture Content / Water Content

Equipment for Core Cutter Method

Cylindrical core cutter
Steel ramer
Steel dolly
Weighing balance
Palette knife
steel rule.

Procedure of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter

1. Level the top soil surface area properly.

2. Compact the earth layer by means of mechanical compactors.

3. Note down the weight of core-cutter.

4. Calculate the Volume of core-cutter.

5. Place the core cutter on the top surface of soil layer.

6. Keep the steel dolly on top of the core cutter.

7. Drive the core cutter vertically into the soil layer with the help of a steel rammer.

8. Make sure only about 15 mm of the dolly seen above the surface of soil layer.

9. Dug the sides of core cutter carefully without disturbing the cylindrical core cutter.

10. Take out the core cutter with soil present inside it.

11. Trim the bottom of core cutter with a straightedge carefully.

12. Remove the soil core from the core cutter.

13. Note down the weight of soil core taken from core cutter.

14. Save samples in a airtight container for calculations and observations.

The Field Dry Density (FDD), Bulk Density and compaction percentages derives from the soil core sample taken by core cutter. The moisture content of the soil sample is derives from Rapid Moisture Meter. With all this parameters the calculations computes. And the compaction percentage of earth layer determines.

civil techniques

Types of Burnt Clay Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Types of Burnt Clay Bricks are explains in this post. Brick is a construction material uses in the construction of several structures. It is an old traditional building material used in the construction of walls. Bricks consider as a major construction material because of its physical and chemical character. It is of high strength, long life and fire resistance. Easily available at low cost and considers as leading building material.

Bricks lays in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds. It constructs with various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together. And to make a durable structure.

There are certain Qualities of Brick. Brick has certain physical and chemical properties. Bricks use in latest constructions. It make renovations right across the world. Brick is a soundproof, fire resisting material. As it posses these characteristics it uses to construct partition walls in Industries. And use for home extensions, walls of different thickness. It is cheap, hard, durable and easy to handle and to work with. These properties make brick a leading building material.

There are many Classification of Bricks base on the method of manufacturing. Brick manufacture in different types of methods with a different kind of machines and handmade. And there are two major types of bricks from the old traditional construction field.

Types of Burnt Clay Bricks

Modular Bricks and
Non-Modular Bricks

These Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. These bricks possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it has uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it.

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

civil techniques

STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN PEB MEMBERS

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN PEB MEMBERS are discuss in this post. The Pre Engineered Building (PEB) System is growing rapidly in almost all parts of the world. These are the steel buildings in which excess steel avoids. This complete building system is Pre Engineered. And to make the easy production. And easy assembly on the site.

The use of PEB is highly economical and Eco friendly. By the application of this we can save the natural resources. It has numerous advantages.

It reduces the Construction cost and time of Mass buildings and Heavy structures.

The Welding is the major connection of members. The welding makes to connect the member strongly. It should be free from all the Defects.

Dye Penetration Testing (DPT) is a test uses to identify the discontinuities in welding joints in PEB members. And uses to detect the cracks, fractures, pinholes, porosity, potholes, in the PEB members.

Dye Penetration Testing has many names like,

The Liquid Penetrate Inspection
The Penetration Testing

It is a simple test. And a easy test to identify the discontinuities in welding joints. And to detect the cracks, fractures, pinholes, porosity, potholes, in the PEB members. Using this method all the surface defects and the flaws are easily identify and rectify. This test carries out without difficulties. This is one of the oldest test for identification of the cracks, fractures, pinholes, porosity, potholes, in PEB members.

STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN PEB MEMBERS

The STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN PEB MEMBERS are as follows,

1. Pre Cleaning

The Surface to examine (PEB Member) cleans fully. All the adjacent sides of welding joints cleans properly up to minimum of twenty centimeter. The joints coats with primer and paint removes with wire brush for testing and to obtain accurate results.

It must be free from dirt, dust, paint, oil, grease, rust, and other foreign materials.

2. Drying After Cleaning

After cleaning, the member allows to dry. This makes to form a dry and clean surface for testing. This takes three to five minutes depending on the condition of site. And size of the material to test. This cleaning makes, if any residue of liquid presents on the member, it blocks the passing of the penetrant. This drying process carries with the help of hot air driers, air blowers, etc.

3. Penetrant Application

Now, the penetrant applies to the dry surface of the PEB Member. This carries with brush or spray. For better, accurate and quick results spraying carries out.

It sprays exactly on the surface of members in which the defects to identify. And sprays exactly on the welding connections for examining of flaws.

4. Removal of Excess Penetrant

After sufficient penetration, the excess penetrant all around the surface of material wipes off.

And cleans in all the welding joints. This cleaning carries out with dry and clean wipers.

5. Drying

After removal of excess penetrant it allows to dry in normal tempreture. No other drying methods like, drying with hot air driers, air blowers, etc requires.

This penetrant allows to remain on the member for five to ten minutes depending on the size of materials, length of welding joints.

This makes to get the penetrant sink into the cracks,pores,holes,etc. This depends on the size of the PEB members to test. And the length of welding joints.

6. Developer Application

The Developer is white in color. The developer applies quickly on to the surface of area. And welding joints to examine on the member. This carries out with spraying. The complete area of penetrant covers with spraying the white Developer. This application of developer carries out within one to two minutes after drying of penetrant.

7. Evaluation

Evaluate after a minimum time period of ten minutes. This evaluation carries out in a dark environment. It is clearly visible on to the surface of PEB Members. Now the discontinuities in welding joints identifies. And the cracks, fractures, pinholes, porosity, potholes, in the PEB members evaluates.

These are the main STEPS FOR DPT TEST IN PEB MEMBERS follows for testing of materials.

civil techniques

RECTIFICATION OF FLAWS IN PEB USING DPT TEST

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The RECTIFICATION OF FLAWS IN PEB USING DPT TEST are discuss in this post. The use of PEB is highly economical and Eco friendly. By the application of this we can save the natural resources. It has numerous advantages.

The joining and fixing of I-shape members makes as I-beams and columns. These forms by welding the steel plates together. And connects through bolts. And forms an entire frame of the Pre-engineered building. It reduces the Construction cost and time of Mass buildings. And the Heavy structures. The Welding is the major connection of all the members. This welding makes to connect the member strongly. It should be free from all the Defects.

To confirm the proper welding connections in the members to form a strong Connection many tests performs like, DPT,etc.

The Dye Penetration Testing (DPT) is a test uses to identify the discontinuities in welding joints in PEB members.

Dye Penetration Testing has many names like,

The Liquid Penetrate Inspection
The Penetration Testing

It is a simple test. And a easy test to identify the discontinuities in welding joints. Using this method all the surface defects and the flaws are easily identify and rectify. This test carries out without difficulties. This is one of the oldest test for identification of the defects in PEB members.

RECTIFICATION OF FLAWS IN PEB USING DPT TEST

The rectification methods for improper welding are as follows.

The imperfections fix by welding, chipping and grinding.
The minor imperfections grinds and finishes.
Only major imperfections welds and repairs.
The affected areas chips(Excavates) up to a minimum depth.
Removing all sharp notches, hollow gaps, holes,etc,.
The affected and repaired areas welds again properly.
And after welding it grinds to obtain a complete and proper connections without sharp notches, holes etc,.

These are some of the methods and process for fixing of imperfections in the welding joints.