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Moisture Content By Rapid Moisture Meter
Compaction

Moisture Content By Rapid Moisture Meter

1 May, 2019

Moisture Content By Rapid Moisture Meter is use to determine the Moisture content / water content in soil sample. It is a mobile system for measuring large verities of materials like soil, aggregates,etc.

Moisture Content By Rapid Moisture Meter

With this rapid moisture meter the Moisture content / water content determines quickly. It determines by the gas pressure of Calcium Carbide using in it. The Calcium Carbide reacts with water in the sample. And it forms Acetylene gas. This increase the pressure inside the vessel.

The Moisture content / water content percentage observes in the dial gauge. And calculations computes to determine the moisture content / water content in soil sample.

Moisture Content By Rapid Moisture Meter

Moisture Content By Rapid Moisture Meter

The Rapid Moisture Meter consists of various tools in it. The main components of a Rapid Moisture Meter are given as follows,

  1. A Pressure Vessel made of steel with a Dial gauge at top of it.
  2. Metallic sealing cup
  3. Digital weighing machine (or) Counter Balance
  4. Steel balls of two different sizes
  5. Calcium Carbide
  6. Standard Scoop
  7. Spoon
  8. Cleaning Brush

1. Pressure Vessel

Moisture Content By Rapid Moisture Meter

Rapid Moisture Meter consists of a pressure vessel made of metallic body. It is built with a metallic body to withstand the high pressure obtains inside it. And it consists of a dial gauge at one end of the pressure vessel. The moisture content / water content determines with the reading observes in the dial gauge.

2. Metallic sealing cup

The other end of the pressure vessel contains a hollow space. This space seals with a metallic sealing cup. This sealing cup is built up of metal to withstand the pressures obtains inside it. The entire reactions of the chemical and soil samples takes place inside the hollow space in pressure vessel.

3. Digital weighing machine (or) Counter Balance

Moisture Content By Rapid Moisture Meter

The Rapid Moisture Meter consists of a digital weighing scale or a counter balance. This use to measure the mass of soil sample.

4. Steel balls

It consists of two different sizes of steel balls in it.

  • 12.5 mm
  • 25 mm

It has three 12.5 mm diameter Balls and one 25 mm diameter ball.

5. Calcium Carbide

The main element in the rapid moisture meter is Calcium Carbide. It acts as an Absorbent. It is mix with the soil sample along with steel balls inside the pressure vessel.

The Calcium Carbide reacts with water in the sample. And it forms Acetylene gas. This increase the pressure inside the vessel.

6. Standard Scoop

A Standard scoop use as a balancing tray to hold the soil samples in counter balance.

7. Spoon

A small Spoon use to take calcium carbide from container and to fill the hollow space of the pressure vessel.

8. Cleaning Brush

A Cleaning brush uses to clean the hollow space in the pressure vessel. It removes the dirt and remaining particles of calcium carbide and soil sample present inside the pressure vessel.

Model Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method
Compaction

Model Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

29 Apr, 2019

Model Calculation of  Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method is discussed in this post. Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method is use in construction field to determine the Field dry Density, Bulk Density and compaction of soil. It is use to identify the dry density of the compacted or dry fine grain soil which is free from the aggregates.

Model Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

Model Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

For Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method some important parameters has to be derived. That important parameters are as follows,

  • Volume of Core Cutter
  • Weight of Core Cutter
  • Weight of Core Cutter + Weight of Soil
  • Soil Weight
  • Bulk Density
  • Moisture content or Water Content
  • dry Density and
  • Maximum dry DensityModel Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

 

1. Volume of Core Cutter (Vc)

The Volume of Core Cutter refers  to the volume of cylinder.

           Volume of Core Cutter = Volume of cylinder.

Vc =π r² x h              Vc = 3.14 x 50² x 130 = 1020.5 cm³

(or)

Vc = πd²/4 x h          Vc = 3.14 x 100²/4 x 130 = 1020.5 cm³

2. Weight of Core Cutter (Wc)

Measure the weight of Core Cutter from a calibrated Weighing balance machine and note as Wc. And it is taken in grams.

                                         Wc = 1100 g

3. Weight of Core Cutter + Weight of Wet Soil (Ws)

The weight of Core Cutter + weight of soil measures from Weighing balance machine and noted as Ws. And it is taken in grams.

                                         Ws = 3252

4. Soil Weight (Wa)

The weight of soil (Wa) derives from ( Ws – Wc )

(Wa) = (3252 – 1100)

                                              (Wa)= 2152

5. Bulk Density (Yb)

Bulk Density derives from the formula,

(Yb)=(Ws-Wc / Vc)

Yb =( 3252 – 1100 / 1020.5)

                                              (Yb) = 2.10

where,

Wc = weight of Core Cutter,

Ws = weight of Core Cutter + weight of soil

Vc = Volume of Core Cutter

6. Moisture Content / Water Content (W) %

Model Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

The Moisture Content / Water Content of the wet soil determines from Rapid Moisture Meter. The moisture/water content of wet soil derives from the formula,

W= (M/100-M) x 100

where,

M = Moisture Meter Reading  ( M= 4 )

                                                     W = (4/100-4) x 100

                                            W = 4.16 %

The moisture/water content is taken in Percentage.

7. Dry Density (Yd)

(Yd)= (100 x Yb / 100 + w)

where,

Yb = Bulk Density,

W = Moisture Content / Water Content

                                                            ( Yd ) = 100 x 2.10 / 100+ 4.16

=  2.01

8. Maximum Dry Density

The maximum value of Dry Density is taken and it is noted in grams.

                                             MDD = 2.01

9. Compaction Percentage

Compaction Percentage calculates by dividing the dry density by maximum dry density.

Cp % = Dry Density / Maximum Dry Density

                                                      2.01/2.01 = 100 %

 

Table for Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter

Method

OBSERVATION SHEET
DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY OF SOIL (CORE CUTTER METHOD)
PROJECT:- 
LOCATION :-
TESTED BY:- 
SI No Observation and Calculation Determination
 I II III
1 Volume of core cutter (Vc), cm3   1020.5   1020.5   1020.5
2 Weight of core cutter (Wc), g    1100    1100    1100
3 Weight of core cutter + Wet soil (Ws), g    3252    3141    1391
4 Weight of wet soil (Ws-Wc), g    2152    2041    2091
5 Bulk Density, Yb = ((Ws-Wc)/Vc)), g/cm3    2.10     2.0     2.04
6 (Rapid Moisture Meter) Water content (w),%     4.16    4.16    4.16
7 Dry Density, Yd = (Yb*100/(100+w)), g/cm3    2.010    1.92    1.95
8 Max. Dry Density, (g/cm3)    2.010    2.010    2.010
9 Compaction Percentage, % (DD/MDD)    100%   95.5%    97%
Average Dry Density, Yd =  97.5 %

Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method
Compaction

Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

24 Mar, 2019

Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method is use in construction field to determine the Field dry Density, Bulk Density and compaction of soil. It is use to identify the dry density of the compacted or dry fine grain soil which is free from the aggregates.

Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

 

Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

Core Cutter Method is use to find some important properties of soil. Some of the main properties of soil which are necessary to examine the compaction factors are as follows,

  • Bulk density
  • Dry density
  • Moisture Content / Water Content

Apparatus and Equipment for Core Cutter Method

  1. Cylindrical core cutter
  2. Steel rammer
  3. Steel dolly
  4. Weighing balance
  5. Palette knife
  6. steel rule.

Procedure of Core Cutter Method

  • Compact the earth layer by means of mechanical compactors.
  • Level the top soil surface area properly.
  • Note down the weight of core-cutter.
  • Calculate the Volume of core-cutter.
  • Place the core cutter on the top surface of soil layer.
  • Keep the steel dolly on top of the core cutter.

 

  • Drive the core cutter vertically into the soil layer with the help of a steel rammer.
  • Make sure only about 15 mm of the dolly seen above the surface of soil layer.
  • Dug the sides of core cutter carefully without disturbing the cylindrical core cutter.
  • Take out the core cutter with soil present inside it.
  • Trim the bottom of core cutter with a straightedge carefully.
  • Remove the soil core from the core cutter.
  • Note down the weight of soil core taken from core cutter.
  • Place the sample in a airtight container for further calculations and observations.

The Field Dry Density (FDD), Bulk Density and compaction percentages derives from the soil core sample taken by core cutter. The moisture content of the soil sample is derives from Rapid Moisture Meter. With all this parameters the calculations computes. And the compaction percentage of earth layer determines.

Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method
Compaction

Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

24 Mar, 2019

Calculation of  Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method is discussed in this post. Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method is use in construction field to determine the Field dry Density, Bulk Density and compaction of soil. It is use to identify the dry density of the compacted or dry fine grain soil which is free from the aggregates.

Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

For Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method some important parameters has to be derived. That important parameters are as follows,

  • Volume of Core Cutter
  • Weight of Core Cutter
  • Weight of Core Cutter + Weight of Soil
  • Soil Weight
  • Bulk Density
  • Moisture content or Water Content
  • dry Density and
  • Maximum dry Density

Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter Method

1. Volume of Core Cutter (Vc)

The Volume of Core Cutter refers  to the volume of cylinder.

           Volume of Core Cutter = Volume of cylinder.

Vc =π r² x h

(or)

Vc = πd²/4 x h

2. Weight of Core Cutter (Wc)

Measure the weight of Core Cutter from a calibrated Weighing balance machine and note as Wc. And it is taken in grams.

3. Weight of Core Cutter + Weight of Soil (Ws)

The weight of Core Cutter + weight of soil measures from Weighing balance machine and noted as Ws. And it is taken in grams.

4. Soil Weight (Wa)

The weight of soil (Wa) derives from ( Ws – Wc )

(Wa) = ( Ws – Wc )

5. Bulk Density (Yb)

Bulk Density derives from the formula,

(Yb)=(Ws-Wc / Vc)

where,

Wc = weight of Core Cutter,

Ws = weight of Core Cutter + weight of soil

Vc = Volume of Core Cutter

6. Moisture Content / Water Content (W) %

The Moisture Content / Water Content of the wet soil determines from Rapid Moisture Meter. The moisture/water content of wet soil derives from the formula,

W= (M/100-M) x 100

The moisture/water content is taken in Percentage.

7. Dry Density (Yd)

(Yd)= (100 x Yb / 100 + w)

where,

Yb = Bulk Density,

W = Moisture Content / Water Content

8. Maximum Dry Density

The maximum value of Dry Density is taken and it is noted in grams.

9. Compaction Percentage

Compaction Percentage calculates by dividing the dry density by maximum dry density.

Cp % = Dry Density / Maximum Dry Density

 

 

Table for Calculation of Soil Compaction using Core Cutter

Method

OBSERVATION SHEET
DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY OF SOIL (CORE CUTTER METHOD)
PROJECT:- 
LOCATION :-
TESTED BY:- 
SI No Observation and Calculation Determination
 I II III
1 Volume of core cutter (Vc), cm3
2 Weight of core cutter (Wc), g
3 Weight of core cutter + Wet soil (Ws), g
4 Weight of wet soil (Ws-Wc), g
5 Bulk Density, Yb = ((Ws-Wc)/Vc)), g/cm3
6 (Rapid Moisture Meter) Water content (w),%
7 Dry Density, Yd = (Yb*100/(100+w)), g/cm3
8 Max. Dry Density, (g/cm3)
9 Compaction Percentage, % (DD/MDD)
Average Dry Density, Yd =     %

Concrete Sleepers
Railways

Concrete Sleepers

4 Nov, 2018

Concrete Sleepers introduces in the modern construction of railway tracks. Mainly sleepers are of concrete, timbers, steel, cast iron. In thees various types of sleepers, due to need for better design and economy of sleeper on sustainable basis Concrete Sleepers engages.

Railway Track Sleepers

These are the members which lay transverse to the rails on which the rail supports and fixes. Sleepers are concrete beds in the railway tracks. The main role of sleepers is to transfer load from rails to the ballast. And the sub-grade below. It as a transverse member throughout the permanent way.

Concrete Sleepers

Railway Track Sleepers

It is  using more than any other sleepers because of its unique properties. They are more resistant to wear and tear. It withstands blows and vibrations cause due to heavy moving loads. And it is fewer subjects to chemical attacks, termite attacks, and more corrosion resistance.

There are two types of sleepers they are,

  • Reinforced and
  • Pre-stressed Concrete sleepers

Concrete is the best and suitable material for sleepers in railway tracks. Some of the main and important features are as follows,

  1. It is a strong and homogeneous material
  2. Not affect by moisture
  3. Unaffected by chemical attacks
  4. High resistance to wear and tear
  5. Unaffected by sub-soil salts

Concrete Sleepers

Advantages of Concrete Sleepers

It is having a maximum life compare to other sleeper forms.

No difficulties in the track circuiting.

Not affect easily by moisture, termites, white ants, insect attacks.

Having a high load carrying capacity.

High tendency to absorb shocks and vibrations.

Withstands wear and tear due to heavy moving loads.

Disadvantages of Concrete Sleepers

Weight is high compared to other types of sleepers.

It requires more fittings like pads, plugs,etc.

Concrete Sleepers

In derailment of sleepers the damages are very heavy.

After the life completes it is not re-usable therefore the scrap value is low.

Concrete Sleepers

Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages
Railways

Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages

28 Oct, 2018

The Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages are discussed in this post. Railway Track Sleepers are members which lay transverse to the rails on which the rail supports and fixes. Sleepers are beds in the railway tracks. The main reason to use metal sleepers replacing wooden sleepers are because of insufficiency of wooden sleepers. Metal sleepers use widely in the modern construction of railway tracks. The main role of sleepers is to transfer load from rails to the ballast.  The Metal sleepers are of cast iron and steel.Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages

These sleepers fix vertical to each other. It fixes throughout the track. The main work of sleepers is to hold rails in a strong position. It receives the loads from rails and spread to ballast and sub-grades. In these various types of Metal sleepers, the sleeper which is economic uses in the construction of railway tracks. Even though it use mostly in the modern construction of railway rail track it posses many advantages and disadvantages.

Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

There are many important advantages of metal sleepers. The main advantages of metal sleepers are as follows,

  • Metal sleepers are uniform in strength and durability.
  • For metal sleepers no frequent renewal requires.
  • It is economical and have longer life.
  • Low maintenance and easier repair.
  • Gauges are easy to maintain and adjustable.
  • Easy in manufacturing and laying.
  • The fitting operation is better and it makes less occurrence of creep.
  • It is fireproof.
  • It is reusable and have a good scrap value.
  • The manufacturing of sleepers is a simple process.
  • The fixtures of the sleepers are less in number and simple in nature.

Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages

Disadvantages

Metal sleepers having many good advantages still it posses some disadvantages in it. The disadvantages of metal sleepers are as follows,

  • More ballast requires for metal sleepers
  • Difficult to maintain due to rust and other chemical gents in atmosphere.

Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages

  • And it is more likely subjects to corrosion/rusting.
  • As a good conductor of electricity it interferes with track circuiting.
  • It is not suitable for level crossings and bridges.
  • Unsuitable in case of pointing.
  • Creep occurs frequently.
  • It subjects easily to deform and bend due to heavy moving loads in it.
  • Suitable only for stone ballasts.
  • Cracks develop easily in metal sleeper seats through the holes of bolts.
  • More care has to take to maintain steel sleepers.

Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages

The Metal Sleepers Advantages and Disadvantages are considering to handle the difficulties in the construction of modern railway rail tracks.

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